Анкарские римские бани (Gutgjvtny jnbvtny Qgun)

Анкарские римские бани
Анкарские римские бани
	39°56′47″ с. ш. 32°51′11″ в. д.HGЯO
Тип	термы и археологическое место
Страна	Турция;
Местоположение	Анкара и Алтындаг
	Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Анкарские римские бани (тур. Ankara Roma Hamamı) — руины комплекса античных римских бань в Анкаре, столице современной Турция, которые были обнаружены в ходе раскопок, проводившихся в 1937—1944 годах, и впоследствии были открыты для публики в качестве музея под открытым небом^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4].

История

Римские бани находятся на плато, известном как Чанкыры Капы и возвышающемся на 2,5 метра над западной стороной улицы Чанкыры, примерно в 400 метрах от центра Улуса^[англ.], старого района Анкары. Этот участок был определён как хёюк^[англ.] (курган) с римскими вперемешку с византийскими и сельджукскими археологическими слоями наверху и остатками фригийского поселения в основании^[4].

Древний город Анкира располагался на перекрёстке путей с Запада на Восток, и в период римского владычества имел важное стратегическое положение, благодаря чему он был выбран в качестве столицы римской провинции Галатия. К востоку от этого плато тянулась дорога от района храма Августа, часть которого, окружённая мраморными колоннами II или III века с коринфскими капителями, была обнаружена во время строительства улицы Чанкыры, происходившего в 1930-х годах, в период превращения Анкары в новую столицу Турции^[5]^[6].

Анкарские бани были построены в III веке при правлении римского императора Каракаллы (212—217), также как и Термы Каракаллы в Риме, посвящённые Асклепию, богу медицины. Комплекс имел три главных помещения: кальдарий (зал с горячей водой), тепидарий (тёплая сухая комната) и фригидарий (холодная комната), обладая классической планировкой с размерами 80 на 120 метров. Анкарские бани использовались до VIII века, когда они были уничтожены в результате пожара, оставившего после себя только руины подвала и первого этажа^[1]^[2].

Расположенный рядом хёюк (курган) был раскопан профессором Ремзи Огузом Арыком в 1937 году, который обнаружил там фригийские и римские останки. Генеральный директор музеев Хамит З. Кошай и археолог Неджати Долунай руководили дальнейшими работами, финансируемыми Турецкой исторической организацией (тур. Türk Tarih Kurumnu), в ходе которых в 1938—1939 годах были обнаружены банные постройки, полностью очищенные в 1940—1943 годах. Архитектор Махмут Акок, работавший на раскопках, исследовал и нарисовал реконструированный план бань ещё до начала их реставрации^[3].

Профессор Арык смог датировать строительство Анкарских бань периодом правления Каракаллы по монетам, найденным во время раскопок, и подтверждающим тогдашним надписям. Другие же найденные монеты свидетельствовали о том, что бани непрерывно использовались на протяжении около 500 лет, периодически подвергаясь ремонту^[7].

Описание

У входа на территорию банного комплекса с улицы Чанкыры расположена античная палестра (площадка для борьбы), которая была окружена портиком со 128 мраморными колоннами (по 32 с каждой стороны), ныне разрушенным и служащим ныне местом экспонирования древних надгробий, алтарей, а также надписей римского, византийского и позднеэллинистического периодов^[8].

За палестрой следует типичный для римских бань аподитерий (раздевалка) и три банных помещения. Аномально большие размеры тепидария и кальдария объясняются популярностью этих тёплых помещений в холодные зимы. Наиболее примечательными сохранившимися элементами комплекса являются кирпичные колонны, которые поддерживали пол и вокруг которых циркулировал воздух, нагретый в подземных печах для обогрева помещений сверху^[9].

К северу от палестры находятся остатки античной дороги с колоннами.

Галерея

Аподитерий
Кальдарий
Гипокауст
Писцина
Тепидарий
Саркофаг
Надпись на саркофаге
Туннель, использовавшийся работниками бани
Капители колонн и надписи на римских гробницах, разбросанные вокруг римской бани в Анкаре.
Вид на Анкарские римские бани
Анкарские римские бани

Примечания

↑ ¹ ² Hengirmen, Mehmet. Touristic Ankara. — Ankara : Engin Publications, 2006. — P. 16–17. — ISBN 975-320-124-9.
↑ ¹ ² "Important Historical Sites". The Guide - Ankara. Istanbul: APA Uniprint: 45. 2009. ISSN 1303-054X.
↑ ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Roman baths are located on Çankırı Caddesi between Ulus and Yıldrım Beyazıt squares, on the west side of the street, about 400 meters from Ulus. They are situated on a plateau which rises 2.5 meters above street level. This plateau was known to be a höyük - ancient settlement mound. In 1937, Prof. Dr. Remzi Oğuz Arık excavated the mound, finding remains from the Phrygian and Roman periods. Excavations were carried out in 1938-1939 by the Generak Director of Museums, Hamit Z. Koşay. These excavations brought to light the bath buildings; which were fully exposed in 1940-1943 under the direction of Hamit Z. Koşay with assistance from field director Necati Dolunay and funded by the Türk Tarih Kurumnu (Turkish Historical Society). The excavation's architect, Mahmut Akok, investigated and drew a reconstructed plan of the baths, after which their restoration was begun.
↑ ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The platform on which the baths stood is an ancient city mound. At the top of the mound are remains from the Roman period (with some admixture of Byzantine and Seljuk material); at the bottom are remains from a Phygrian settlement. In the area traditionally known as Çankırı Kapı, Roman remains of two different types can be distinguished. 1 - A stretch of columned roadway from the ancient Roman city of Ancyra. 2 - The Roman bath and palaestra buildings. In the area there are traces of foundations of other Roman buildings
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. Columned Roadway: To the east of the bath and palaestra building lies a stretch of columned roadway, which ran from ancient Ancyra's sacred precinct, the area of the Temple of Augustus. During the early years of the Turkish Republic when the modern city of Ankara was being developed, the construction of Çankiri Caddesi yielded remains of the columned street, most of which still lies underground. The columns apparently dating from the second or third centuries A.D., are made from grey veined marble and have Corinthian capitals.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Bath Buildings: Ancient Ancyra, ruled by the Tektosag Galatians during the Galatian period, stood at the crossroads between the East and West. During the Roman period, the city's important location and its prominence as the capital of the province of Galatie led to its further development. Excavations carried out in 1937-1944 revealed a magnificent Roman building complex, including a palaestra and covered baths.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The construction of the bath buildings has been dated by coins found during the excavations to the reign of Roman emperor Caracalla (A.D. 212-217). This dating is supported by several contemporary inscriptions mentioning Tiberius Julius Justus Junianus, a prominent citizen of the city who was the responsible for the construction of the baths. Other coins found during the course of excavations indicate that the baths were in continuous use for about 500 years, undergoing repair from time to time. The baths are popularly known as the Baths of Caracalla.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The entrance to the baths is on Çankırı Caddesi, opening into the palaetra or wrestling court. The large central open area is surrounded by the remains of a columned portico. This portico had 32 marble columns on each side, or 128 columns around its periphery. Today, a rich collection of inscriptions from the Roman period is displayed in the open court.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The bath buildings, located directly behind the palaestra, include four separate rooms. Except for their size, these rooms are typical of Roman baths in general - Apodeiterium (dressing room), Frigidarium (cold room), Tepidarium (warm room), and Caldarium (hot room). The Tepidarium and Caldarium are unusually large; these were undoubtedly popular areas during the cold Ankara winters. These two rooms were heated from below, the floors were supported by columns made of bricks, around which hot air was circulated. This type of subterranean heating required tunnels and linked passageways, so that the underground oven which heated the air could be operated.

[touurank01-1] ¹ ² Hengirmen, Mehmet. Touristic Ankara. — Ankara : Engin Publications, 2006. — P. 16–17. — ISBN 975-320-124-9.

[boank01-2] ¹ ² "Important Historical Sites". The Guide - Ankara. Istanbul: APA Uniprint: 45. 2009. ISSN 1303-054X.

[infpan01-3] ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Roman baths are located on Çankırı Caddesi between Ulus and Yıldrım Beyazıt squares, on the west side of the street, about 400 meters from Ulus. They are situated on a plateau which rises 2.5 meters above street level. This plateau was known to be a höyük - ancient settlement mound. In 1937, Prof. Dr. Remzi Oğuz Arık excavated the mound, finding remains from the Phrygian and Roman periods. Excavations were carried out in 1938-1939 by the Generak Director of Museums, Hamit Z. Koşay. These excavations brought to light the bath buildings; which were fully exposed in 1940-1943 under the direction of Hamit Z. Koşay with assistance from field director Necati Dolunay and funded by the Türk Tarih Kurumnu (Turkish Historical Society). The excavation's architect, Mahmut Akok, investigated and drew a reconstructed plan of the baths, after which their restoration was begun.

[infpan02-4] ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The platform on which the baths stood is an ancient city mound. At the top of the mound are remains from the Roman period (with some admixture of Byzantine and Seljuk material); at the bottom are remains from a Phygrian settlement. In the area traditionally known as Çankırı Kapı, Roman remains of two different types can be distinguished. 1 - A stretch of columned roadway from the ancient Roman city of Ancyra. 2 - The Roman bath and palaestra buildings. In the area there are traces of foundations of other Roman buildings

[infpan03-5] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. Columned Roadway: To the east of the bath and palaestra building lies a stretch of columned roadway, which ran from ancient Ancyra's sacred precinct, the area of the Temple of Augustus. During the early years of the Turkish Republic when the modern city of Ankara was being developed, the construction of Çankiri Caddesi yielded remains of the columned street, most of which still lies underground. The columns apparently dating from the second or third centuries A.D., are made from grey veined marble and have Corinthian capitals.

[infpan04-6] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Bath Buildings: Ancient Ancyra, ruled by the Tektosag Galatians during the Galatian period, stood at the crossroads between the East and West. During the Roman period, the city's important location and its prominence as the capital of the province of Galatie led to its further development. Excavations carried out in 1937-1944 revealed a magnificent Roman building complex, including a palaestra and covered baths.

[infpan05-7] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The construction of the bath buildings has been dated by coins found during the excavations to the reign of Roman emperor Caracalla (A.D. 212-217). This dating is supported by several contemporary inscriptions mentioning Tiberius Julius Justus Junianus, a prominent citizen of the city who was the responsible for the construction of the baths. Other coins found during the course of excavations indicate that the baths were in continuous use for about 500 years, undergoing repair from time to time. The baths are popularly known as the Baths of Caracalla.

[infpan06-8] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The entrance to the baths is on Çankırı Caddesi, opening into the palaetra or wrestling court. The large central open area is surrounded by the remains of a columned portico. This portico had 32 marble columns on each side, or 128 columns around its periphery. Today, a rich collection of inscriptions from the Roman period is displayed in the open court.

[infpan07-9] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The bath buildings, located directly behind the palaestra, include four separate rooms. Except for their size, these rooms are typical of Roman baths in general - Apodeiterium (dressing room), Frigidarium (cold room), Tepidarium (warm room), and Caldarium (hot room). The Tepidarium and Caldarium are unusually large; these were undoubtedly popular areas during the cold Ankara winters. These two rooms were heated from below, the floors were supported by columns made of bricks, around which hot air was circulated. This type of subterranean heating required tunnels and linked passageways, so that the underground oven which heated the air could be operated.

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Анкарские римские бани

39°56′47″ с. ш. 32°51′11″ в. д.^HGЯO
Тип	термы и археологическое место
Страна	Турция
Местоположение	Анкара и Алтындаг
Медиафайлы на Викискладе